LESSON 41

-ose - all, every

Vocabulary

umushumba - shepherd	umwungeri - shepherd (both of these sometimes used for “Pastor”)
igitangaza - surprising thing, miracle, amazing thing	izina - name (5th cl.)
gusinzira - to sleep	ryari? - when?
buri - every, each (not used with pl.)

84. -ose means “every” or “whole” in the singular, and in the plural it is “all”. Here it is with the class agreements.

	Sing.	Plural
Class 1	wese	bose
Class 2	wose	yose
Class 3	yose	zose
Cla6s 4	cyose	byose
Class 5	ryose	yose
Class 6	rwose	zose
Class 7	kose	twose
Class 8	bwose	yose
Class 9	kose (kwose)	yose
Class 10	hose	hose

Notice the first class singular is wese, not wose.

Note: hose, by itself, often means “everywhere”

85. In the singular this word usually conveys the idea of entirety: inzu yose - the whole house; umunsi wose - the whole day (rather than “every day”). But it can mean “every”: umuntu wese - every person. In the plural it is “all”: inka zose - all the cows. Often when in English we would use the singular “every”, Kinyarwanda uses the plural: e.g. every day - iminsi yose.

Another way of saying “every” is with buri: e.g. buri munsi - every day. Observe that the initial vowel is dropped after buri.

86. Place in the sentence. -ose always follows the noun it modifies. If there should be several adjectives modifying the same noun, -ose must come last of all: abantu bose - all the people. Inka zacu nziza zose - all our nice cows.

87. Derived from this same stem are the words: twese - all of us; and mwese - all of you. Of course,” all of them” is bose.

88. Ryari - When? This is used only in asking questions. It usually comes at the end of the sentence or clause, though sometimes it immediately follows the verb. e.g. Uzajya i Kigali ryari? - when will you go to Kigali?

Exercises: I. Make -ose agree with the following words both singular and plural and translate into English:

1. igitoke	6. umusozi	11. umushumba.	16. umujura
2. umukobwa	7. uruzi	12. izina	17. ingofero
3. imbwa	8. ahantu	13. igiti	19. umwaka
4.amavuta	9. ukuboko	14. inkoko	19. akantu
5. amashaza (pl. )	10. injangwe	15. umuti	20. ubwato

II. Translate into Kinyarwanda:

: 1. All people like to sleep all night (i. e. “in the whole night”). 2. All the miracles of Jesus are very great. 3. He is writing his whole name. 4. Every shepherd helps his sheep. 5. When will all the boys come back to school? 6. All girls like pretty clothes. 7. We will remember to worship God every day. 8. I want to see all of your big garden. 9. When will you (s.) remember to bring all my chickens? 10. Our little cat catches big rats. It’s amazing (a surprising thing).